Method and a system for generating a synthesized image of a hair

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method of generating a synthesized image of a hair, comprising the following steps:
         calculating the shape of the hair by applying a behavioral relationship determining the shape of the hair as a function of a physical parameter linked to a mechanical property of the hair, in particular the linear density;   producing an image of the hair of shape that has been calculated in this way.       

     The behavioral relationship may be given by the minimization of the following function: 
               E   =       K   L     ⁢       ∫   0   1     ⁢       [         1   2     ⁢       (         k   ~     ⁡     (     s   ~     )       -   α     )     2       +       1   β     ⁢       z   ~     ⁡     (     s   ~     )           ]     ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ     s   ~               ,         
where α=Lk 0  and β=K/gμL 3 , and where L designates the length of the hair, k 0  its spontaneous curvature, K its bending moment, μ its linear density and  g  the acceleration due to gravity, {tilde over (s)} the curvilinear abscissa relative to the length of the hair, {tilde over (k)} its local curvature relative to its length and {tilde over (z)} its height relative to its length.

This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 11/723,307 filed Mar. 19,2007, which claims the benefit of French Application No. 06 50933 filedon Mar. 17, 2006 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/811,423 filedon Jun. 7, 2006. The disclosures of the prior applications are herebyincorporated by references herein in their entirety.

The present invention relates to methods and systems for simulating theappearance of a hair.

By “appearance” is meant the shape of a hair implanted in the scalp of aperson and subject to the gravitational field, simulation of the shapebeing complemented, where appropriate, by simulation of the color of thehair or the texture of the hair.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,426 discloses a method for displaying a style ofhair deformed by an external force.

This method is not considered to be robust and precise as desired.

Pai discloses in STRANDS: Interactive Simulation of Thin Solids usingCosserat Models, EUROGRAPHICS 2002, Volume 21 (2002) Number 3, methodsfor simulation of the deformation of hair and other objects as wires andtopes inter alia.

SUMMARY

There exists a need for a system or method of simulating the appearanceof a hair in a manner that may be useful in the field of cosmetics.

There also exists a need to facilitate the characterization of humanhairs, whether natural or treated.

It is equally desirable to be able to benefit from hair-care productsadapted to a particular shape of hair to be treated and/or to aparticular shape of hair to be obtained after treatment.

The invention aims to satisfy some or all of these needs.

Simulation Method

One aspect of the invention is a method of generating a synthesizedimage of a hair, including:

-   -   calculating the shape of the hair by applying a behavioral        relationship determining the shape of the hair as a function of        a physical parameter linked to a mechanical property of the        hair;    -   producing an image of the hair of shape that has been calculated        in this way.

Such a method may be employed in the context of advising a customerand/or studying the effects of a hair-care composition and/or promotinga hair-care composition and/or training professionals such ashairdressers or beauticians, for example.

Depending on the behavioral relationship adopted, the shape of the hairmay be determined when the hair is stationary or when it is being movedby the action of an external force, for example a force exerted by thewind or one or more other hairs.

For example, the method according to the invention may be used tosimulate the behavior of several hairs, for example by applying thebehavioral relationship to each of the hairs.

The synthesized image of the hair may be incorporated into the image ofa human head, which may be a real image, possibly a 3D image.

At least one physical parameter may be selected from the following list:the length of the hair, the radius or radii of the hair, the ellipticityof the hair, the spontaneous curvature of the hair relative to one ormore axes, its density, the linear density of the hair, the angle orangles of embedment of the hair in the scalp, the bending moment ormoments of the hair, its Young's modulus, its Poisson coefficient, thespontaneous twist of the hair, its twist in the gravitational field, itstwist moment, the porosity of the hair.

At least one physical parameter may in particular be selected from thefollowing list: its density, the linear density of the hair, the angleor angles of embedment of the hair in the scalp, its Young's modulus,its Poisson coefficient, the spontaneous twist of the hair, the porosityof the hair.

Elements for adjusting a simulation parameter and the calculated imagemay displayed on the same screen.

The behavioral relationship may depend only on the embedment of the hairin the scalp and on two reduced parameters each depending on one or morephysical parameters.

The synthesized image of the hair may include the representation of ahair lying in a plane.

The behavioral relationship may be given by the minimization of thefollowing function:

${E = {\frac{K}{L}{\int_{0}^{1}{\left\lbrack {{\frac{1}{2}\left( {{\overset{\sim}{k}\left( \overset{\sim}{s} \right)} - \alpha} \right)^{2}} + {\frac{1}{\beta}{\overset{\sim}{z}\left( \overset{\sim}{s} \right)}}} \right\rbrack\ {\mathbb{d}\overset{\sim}{s}}}}}},$where α=Lk₀ and β=K/gμL³, and where L designates the length of the hair,k₀ its spontaneous curvature, K its bending moment, μ its linear densityand g the acceleration due to gravity, {tilde over (s)} the curvilinearabscisa relative to the length of the hair, {tilde over (k)} its localcurvature relative to its length and {tilde over (z)} its heightrelative to its length.

The synthesized image may be a representation in perspective of the hairnot entirely contained in a plane.

The behavioral relationship may depend on three angles defining theembedment of the hair in the scalp and at least two reduced parameters,the first reduced parameter depending for example on the naturalcurvature of the hair and the second reduced parameter depending forexample on the length of the hair and the acceleration due to gravity.

The behavioral relationship may be given by the minimization of thefollowing function E:

${\frac{1}{2}{\int{\left\lbrack {{K_{x}^{f}\left( {{k_{x}(s)} - k_{x}^{0}} \right)}^{2} + {K_{y}^{f}\left( {{k_{y}(s)} - k_{y}^{0}} \right)}^{2} + {K^{t}\left( {{\tau(s)} - \tau^{0}} \right)}^{2}} \right\rbrack{\mathbb{d}s}}}} + {S\;\rho\; g{\int{\left( {L - s} \right)\frac{\mathbb{d}{z(s)}}{\mathbb{d}s}{\mathbb{d}s}}}}$where ρ designates the density of the hair, L its total length, S thearea of its section and g the acceleration due to gravity, K_(x) ^(f)and K_(y) ^(f) the x-axis and y-axis bending moments, respectively,K^(t) the twisting moment, s the curvilinear abscissa, k_(x)(s),k_(y)(s) and τ(s) the x-axis and y-axis curvatures and the twist in thegravitational field, respectively, k_(x) ⁰, k_(y) ⁰ and τ⁰ the x-axisand y-axis spontaneous curvatures and the spontaneous twist,respectively, and z(s) the height of the hair.

The physical parameter may vary as a function of the curvilinearabscissa measured along the hair.

Interactive System

Independently of or in combination with the above, the inventionprovides an interactive system for representing a hair, the systemcomprising:

-   -   a computer for calculating the shape of a hair by applying a        behavioral relationship determining the shape of the hair as a        function of a physical parameter linked to a mechanical property        of the hair, in particular a parameter characterizing an        intrinsic property of the material forming the hair, for example        its linear density; and    -   a device for generating an image of said hair of shape that has        been calculated in this way.

The computer may be located at a point of sale, for example, or in ahairdressing salon, or remotely located and consulted by means of aterminal and a computer and/or telephone network. The computer maycomprise a personal microcomputer or a server, for example.

The interactive system may further comprise an element for adjusting thephysical parameter. The adjustment element may comprise a cursor movablebetween at least two positions corresponding to different values of aphysical parameter. The adjustment element may include a field in whichthe value of a physical parameter may be displayed and modified.

The device for generating a synthesized image of the hair may comprisedisplay means.

The computer may enable the display of an element for adjusting aparameter and the calculated image on the same screen. The computer mayin particular enable the display on the screen of elements for adjustinga plurality of physical parameters characteristic of the shape of thehair represented.

The behavioral relationship may depend only on the embedment of the hairin the scalp and two reduced parameters each depending on one or morephysical parameters. The behavioral relationship may further depend onthree angles defining the embedment of the hair in the scalp and two ormore reduced parameters, the first reduced parameter depending at leaston the natural curvature of the hair and the second reduced parameterdepending at least on the length of the hair and gravity.

The behavioral relationship may be given by the minimization of thefollowing function:

${E = {\frac{K}{L}{\int_{0}^{1}{\left\lbrack {{\frac{1}{2}\left( {{\overset{\sim}{k}\left( \overset{\sim}{s} \right)} - \alpha} \right)^{2}} + {\frac{1}{\beta}{\overset{\sim}{z}\left( \overset{\sim}{s} \right)}}} \right\rbrack\ {\mathbb{d}\overset{\sim}{s}}}}}},$

The behavioral relationship may be given by the minimization of thefollowing function E:

${\frac{1}{2}{\int{\left\lbrack {{K_{x}^{f}\left( {{k_{x}(s)} - k_{x}^{0}} \right)}^{2} + {K_{y}^{f}\left( {{k_{y}(s)} - k_{y}^{0}} \right)}^{2} + {K^{t}\left( {{\tau(s)} - \tau^{0}} \right)}^{2}} \right\rbrack{\mathbb{d}s}}}} + {S\;\rho\; g{\int{\left( {L - s} \right)\frac{\mathbb{d}{z(s)}}{\mathbb{d}s}{\mathbb{d}s}}}}$

The representation of the hair may be a representation of the hair lyingin a plane.

The synthesized image may further be a representation in perspective ofthe hair not entirely contained in a plane.

The interactive system may include means for representing said hair inrelief.

The physical parameters may include at least two angles characteristicof the embedment of the hair in its support.

The physical parameters may omit the color of the hair.

The system may further include a database including information linkedto the evolution of a physical parameter of a hair as a function of atreatment applied to the hair.

The treatment may be selected from the following list: permanent waving,crimping, decrimping, dyeing, drying of a wet hair, application of acomposition to the hair, in particular a coating composition,application of a gel, setting, cutting, conditioning, thickening,lengthening, external climatic events, in particular rain, wind, sun.

Two treatments may differ from each other at least in the quantity ofcomposition applied, the thickness of the layer of composition applied,the duration of the treatment, the diameter of the crimping iron, thetemperature of the crimping iron.

A treatment may vary as a function of the curvilinear abscissa measuredalong the hair.

The device for generating images may be configured to generate a virtualimage of the hair after the application of a treatment.

The device for generating images may be configured to displaysimultaneously an image of the hair before treatment and an image of thehair after application of the treatment.

A physical parameter may vary as a function of the curvilinear abscissameasured along the hair.

Atlas

Independently of or in combination with the above, the inventionprovides in an atlas comprising:

-   -   at least two images generated by the above method; and    -   information associated with each image linked to a physical        parameter of the hair.

For example, such an atlas may comprise a plurality of imagescorresponding to different degrees of one or more physical parameters ofthe hair. The images in the atlas may be printed out or displayed on ascreen or contained in an electronic form in a file.

The information may comprise one or more of the following: analphanumeric character, a symbol, a drawing, a color, or a bar code.

The images may comprise images of a hair lying in a plane. The imagesmay also comprise perspective images of a hair not entirely contained ina plane.

Product Independently of or in combination with the above, the inventionprovides a product comprising:

-   -   a hair-care composition;    -   an image generated by the above method; and    -   information associated with the image representing a physical        parameter of the hair.

The image and the associated information may for example be useful forinforming the customer or the hairdresser as to the type of hair forwhich the composition is suitable or the type of result that can beobtained.

Characterization Method

Independently of or in combination with the above, the inventionprovides a method of characterizing a hair, including the step ofenabling a comparison between an image of the hair to be characterizedand an image of a virtual hair obtained by the above method.

For example, the characterization may aim to quantify a physicalparameter of the real hair that is the subject of the comparison.

Where appropriate, the characterization method may be implemented atdifferent times, for example to highlight the effects of a treatment oran external event.

Where applicable, a physical parameter of the hair may be modified as afunction of the comparison, in order to enhance the resemblance betweenthe image of the hair to be characterized and the image of the virtualhair. For example, from one to four or even only one or two physicalparameters may be modified.

A measurement of a physical parameter of the hair and a simulationparameter may be adjusted to achieve the required degree of matchingbetween the images of the hair to be characterized and the virtual hair.

A simulation parameter may be modified until a predefined degree ofmatching of the shapes of the hair to be characterized and the virtualhair has been achieved.

The physical parameter measured may be selected from the following list:the length of the hair, the mean radius of the hair, the ellipticity ofthe hair, the linear density of the hair, the modulus of elasticity ofthe hair, its bending moment or moments, its twisting moment, itsspontaneous curvatures, its spontaneous twisting.

The characterization method may be implemented after receiving anelectronic image of the hair to be characterized, in particular acomputer image. The hair to be characterized may be used itself insteadof the image of the hair to be characterized.

Independently of or in combination with the above, the invention furtherprovides a method of generating digital data defining the shape of ahair, comprising:

-   -   receiving an image of a hair;    -   from the shape of the hair in the received image and from a        behavioral relationship, generating digital data comprising one        or more values of one or more physical parameters linked to a        mechanical property of the hair.        Prescription Method

Independently of or in combination with the above, the inventionprovides a method of prescribing a hair-care composition, comprising:

-   -   determining a characteristic of a hair from a head of hair to be        treated by comparing the real hair with a virtual hair obtained        by the above method;    -   prescribing a hair-care composition as a function of the        characteristic that has been determined.

The selected hair-care composition may be sent to the subject via adistribution center, for example.

Hair-Treatment Method

Independently of or in combination with the above, the inventionprovides a hair-treatment method, comprising:

-   -   associating with a customer, information linked to the shape of        a hair of the customer by comparing the real hair to a virtual        hair obtained by the above method;    -   as a function of that information, selecting a hair-care        composition from a set of compositions, in particular products        identified by corresponding identifiers;    -   treating the customer using the selected product.        Method of Modeling the Impact of a Treatment

Independently of or in combination with the above, the inventionprovides a method of modeling the impact of a treatment or an externalevent applied to a hair, comprising:

-   -   displaying a synthesized image of a hair;    -   displaying a synthesized image of said hair, preferably obtained        by the above method, after it has undergone the treatment or the        selected external event.

Where appropriate the treatment or the external event may have beenselected from a plurality of treatments or external events.

Such a method shows the appearance of the hair after the treatment hasbeen effected, compares the appearance of the hair before and after thetreatment, and shows the result of the treatment in advance, for exampleto enable the user to make an informed decision as to the treatment tobe applied. This enables a specific treatment solution to be proposed toa user, for example, including showing them the result that will beobtained with such a treatment.

For example, the method may show the effect on the appearance of thehair of a treatment for coating it.

The synthesized image of the treated hair may be calculated by modifyinga physical simulation parameter, the modification depending inparticular on the selected treatment.

An image of the hair after treatment and an image of the hair beforetreatment may be displayed simultaneously on the same screen.

The treatment to be applied may be one or more from the following list:permanent waving, crimping, combing, decrimping, dyeing, wetting, dryingof a wet hair, application of a coating composition to the hair,application of a gel, setting, cutting, conditioning, thickening,lengthening, external climatic events, in particular rain, wind, sun,hair dressing, geometrical constraints due for example to clamping ofhair with ties.

The treatment may vary as a function of the curvilinear abscissameasured along the hair.

The mechanical effects of coating the hair or of a loss or uptake ofmoisture by a hair may be simulated, for example.

Hairdresser Training Method

Independently of or in combination with the above, the inventionprovides a hairdresser training method, comprising:

-   -   selecting a treatment to be applied to a hair;    -   displaying a virtual image generated by the above method of a        hair that has undergone the selected treatment.        Method of Promoting the Sale of a Hair-Care Composition

The invention further provides a method of promoting the sale of ahair-care composition, for example a permanent waving, straightening,and/or smoothing composition for the hair, taking into accountinformation representing one or more physical parameters linked to theshape of the hair, for example two or more physical parameters linked tothe shape of the hair.

That promotion may be effected via any communications channel. Forexample it may be effected by a retailer, directly at a point of sale,by radio, by television, or by telephone, for example in the context ofcommercials or short messages. It could equally be effected via theprint press or any other form of document, for example for advertisingpurposes. It could be effected via any other appropriate data processingnetwork, for example via the Internet or via a mobile telephone network.It could equally be effected directly on the product itself, inparticular on its packaging or on any explanatory material associatedwith it.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be better understood on reading the following detaileddescription of non-limiting embodiments thereof and examining theappended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 represents diagrammatically a model of a hair lying in a plane;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the evolution of the behavior of a modeledhair as a function of reduced parameters;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram corresponding to an example of a method ofgenerating a synthesized image;

FIG. 4 represents diagrammatically an example of a system for generatinga synthesized image of the hair;

FIGS. 5 to 7 are screenshots;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram corresponding to an example of a method ofcharacterizing the hair;

FIG. 9 is a screenshot;

FIGS. 10 to 13 are block diagrams corresponding to other examples ofmethods according to the invention;

FIG. 14 represents diagrammatically an example of an atlas according tothe invention;

FIG. 15 represents diagrammatically an example of a product according tothe invention;

FIG. 16 shows comparison of experimental results and simulated shape forlong and short hair;

FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 show boundaries of simulation results with respectto experimental results,

FIG. 19 shows comparison of experimental results and simulated shape fordry and wet hair.

MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to the invention, the physical behavior of the hair is modeledin two dimensions or in three dimensions by means of a behavioralrelationship.

Two-Dimensional Modeling

For simplicity, it is assumed below that the hair lies only in a plane,as shown in FIG. 1, so that only a restricted number of physicalparameters need be retained.

It is assumed that the properties of the hair are homogeneous from itsroot to its tip, i.e. that the physical parameters linked to themechanical characteristics of the hair do not vary as a function of thecurvilinear abscissa s as measured along the hair, and that the hairremains in the vertical plane (x, z) in which it is placed, i.e. thepossibility of vertical helical curling is ignored.

The shape of the hair is given by the orientation θ(s) of its tangent atany point, which is an unknown function of the energy E of the hair. Thefollowing geometrical formulae relate the height z(s) of the hair andthe local curvature k(s) to its direction θ(s) at any point:

z(s) = ∫₀^(s)sin (θ(s^(′))) 𝕕s^(′), and${k(s)} = {\frac{\mathbb{d}{\theta(s)}}{\mathbb{d}s}.}$

The shape of the hair is given by the function θ(s) that minimizes theenergy E:

$E = {\frac{K}{L}{\int_{0}^{1}{\left\lbrack {{\frac{1}{2}\left( {{\overset{\sim}{k}\left( \overset{\sim}{s} \right)} - \alpha} \right)^{2}} + {\frac{1}{\beta}{\overset{\sim}{z}\left( \overset{\sim}{s} \right)}}} \right\rbrack\ {\mathbb{d}\overset{\sim}{s}}}}}$where α=Lk₀ and β=K/gμL³, and where L designates the length of the hair,k₀ its spontaneous curvature, K its bending moment, μ its linear densityand g the acceleration due to gravity, {tilde over (s)} the curvilinearabscissa relative to the length of the hair, {tilde over (k)} its localcurvature relative to its length and {tilde over (z)} its heightrelative to its length.

The energy could be minimized by a numerical method, for example bydividing the hair into a plurality of discrete segments of constantcurvature k(s). Each segment may be considered as unextensible andunshearable. The curvature of the hair is then considered as a piecewiseconstant function, and the hair consists of a set of successive circulararcs joined in a regular manner, each having a varying curvature that isadjusted to minimize the total energy. The conditions at the embedmentand free end limits are taken into account by integrating theseequations using a non-linear drawing technique, and where appropriatenumerical continuation.

Another possible method consists in minimizing the energy of the hair byanalytical means.

Given the above equation, the equilibrium shape of a hair depends onlyon two reduced parameters α and β and the angle θ₀ at which the hair isanchored in the scalp. Accordingly, for the same anchoring angle, afirst hair has strictly the same shape as a second hair having half thenatural curvature but that is twice as heavy and four times stiffer intwisting, for example.

A hair can be characterized by determining only two well-selectedcombinations of reduced physical parameters (the parameters α and β).

The reduced parameter α quantifies the magnitude of the spontaneouscurvature. A low value of the number α characterizes a naturallystraight hair whereas high values of the number α correspond to a verymarked spontaneous curvature.

The reduced parameter β represents the sensitivity of the hair togravity. If the value of β is high, the hair is more sensitive togravity, and is therefore qualified as “stiff”. In contrast, if thevalue of β is small, the effect of gravity is decisive and the hair isqualified as “flexible”. This property defined by β depends on acombination of the linear density and the stiffness of the hair.

A diagram can therefore be drawn showing the typical shapes of hairs asa function of the reduced parameter α plotted along the abscissa axisand the reduced parameter β plotted up the ordinate axis, as in FIG. 2.

Top left in the diagram is spiky hair, which is straight and stiff, andrelatively insensitive to gravity. Top right is frizzy hair having ahigh spontaneous curvature.

If the value of β is lower, i.e. if the hair is heavier, the modulus ofcurvature lower or the length greater, the situation is one of those inthe bottom portion of the diagram.

Bottom left is drooping hair, which is sensitive to gravity, althoughits spontaneous curvature is high. Such a hair comes to be orientedvertically downward at a distance from the root that is short comparedto its length. On the right is the hair profile known as “ringlets”: thehair is sensitive to gravity, and therefore tends to hang vertically,but at the same time has very high spontaneous curvature, which is seenin the curls that form near its end. A “curl length” may be defined thatdesignates the length of the hair over which the hair forms curls, i.e.the total length of the hair less the length over which the hair doesnot form curls.

The above four fundamental configurations of the hair are archetypes andall intermediate configurations are possible on varying one or morephysical parameters.

Three-Dimensional Modeling

The hair is modeled using an elastic rod model, which rod is oriented inthe direction z in the absence of curvature and spontaneous twisting.

The section of the hair is assumed to be elliptical. The major axes ofthe section are oriented in the x and y directions, and r_(x) and r_(y)denote its major radii. The Young's modulus of the material is denoted Eand its Poisson coefficient is denoted ν.

The bending moment K_(x) ^(f) in the direction x is given by thefollowing equation:

$K_{x}^{f} = {\frac{E\;\pi}{4}r_{x}{r_{y}^{3}.}}$

A similar equation gives the bending moment in the direction y.

The twisting moment K^(t) is given by:

$K^{t} = {\frac{E\;{\pi\left( {r_{x}r_{y}} \right)}^{3}}{2\left( {1 + v^{2}} \right)\left( {r_{x}^{2} + r_{y}^{2}} \right)}.}$

The elastic rod has a spontaneous curvature that simulates its tendencyto curl. The natural shape of the hair is therefore described by itsspontaneous curvature in the x direction, its spontaneous curvature inthe y direction and its spontaneous twist, respectively denoted:k_(x) ⁰, k_(y) ⁰ and τ⁰.

The shape of the hair, which is considered non-extensible, in thegravitational field has parameters determined by three unknown functionsof the curvilinear abscissa: the curvature in the x direction, thecurvature in the y direction, and the twist, respectively denotedk_(x)(s), k_(y)(s) and τ(s).

These three functions express the variation of the material orthonormicsystem of axes {t_(x), t_(y), t_(z)} attached to the section:

${\frac{\mathbb{d}}{\mathbb{d}s}\begin{pmatrix}{t_{x}(s)} \\{t_{y}(s)} \\{t_{z}(s)}\end{pmatrix}} = {\begin{pmatrix}0 & {- {\tau(s)}} & {k_{y}(s)} \\{\tau(s)} & 0 & {- {k_{x}(s)}} \\{- {k_{y}(s)}} & {k_{x}(s)} & 0\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}{t_{x}(s)} \\{t_{y}(s)} \\{t_{z}(s)}\end{pmatrix}}$

For conditions at the limits defined by the embedment of the hair in thescalp, the orthonormic system of axes {t_(x), t_(y), t_(z)} has aprescribed edge value, given for example by the angles defining theembedment of the hair in the scalp, of which there are three, forexample.

Knowing the material system of axes {t_(x)(s), t_(y)(s), t_(z)(s)}, itis possible to work back to the spatial conformation of the center lineof the hair {x(s), y(s), z (s)} by integrating:

${\frac{\mathbb{d}}{\mathbb{d}s}\begin{pmatrix}{x(s)} \\{y(s)} \\{z(s)}\end{pmatrix}} = {{t_{z}(s)}.}$

Minimizing the energy of the hair over the unknown functions k_(x)(s),k_(y)(s) and τ(s) determines the equilibrium shape(s) of the hair. Thisenergy E is the sum of the elastic energy and the potential energy ofthe hair in the gravitational field, and the expression for it is:

${\frac{1}{2}{\int{\left\lbrack {{K_{x}^{f}\left( {{k_{x}(s)} - k_{x}^{0}} \right)}^{2} + {K_{y}^{f}\left( {{k_{y}(s)} - k_{y}^{0}} \right)}^{2} + {K^{t}\left( {{\tau(s)} - \tau^{0}} \right)}^{2}} \right\rbrack{\mathbb{d}s}}}} + {S\;\rho\; g{\int{\left( {L - s} \right)\frac{\mathbb{d}{z(s)}}{\mathbb{d}s}{\mathbb{d}s}}}}$

In this equation, ρ designates the density of the hair, L is totallength, S=πr_(x)r_(y) the area of the section, and g the accelerationdue to gravity.

The equilibrium shape of the hair that minimizes the above energy may bedetermined by numerical means, the hair being discretized along itslength: the two curvatures of the hair and its twist are considered aspiecewise constant functions. The hair then consists of a set ofsuccessive helixes joined in a regular manner, each having twocurvatures and a twist that can be varied and that are adjusted tominimize the total energy. The conditions at the embedment and free endlimits are taken into account by integrating these equations using anon-linear drawing technique, and where appropriate numericalcontinuation.

Another possible method consists in minimizing the energy of the hair byanalytical means.

Implementations

Each form of modeling just described may be used to generate asynthesized image a hair. The following steps may be executed for thispurpose, as illustrated in FIG. 3:

-   -   in a first step 5, calculating the shape of the hair by applying        one of the above-mentioned two-dimensional or three-dimensional        behavioral relationships, thereby determining the shape of the        hair as a function of one or more physical parameters linked to        a mechanical property of the hair; and    -   in a second step 6, producing an image of the hair with a shape        calculated in this way.

This method may be implemented by means of an interactive system forrepresenting a hair, including, as shown in FIG. 4:

-   -   a computer 7, for example a personal computer, where appropriate        connected by a computer network 27 to a remote server 30, for        example an Internet site server, the computer 7 calculating the        shape of a hair by applying one of the modeling methods        described above;    -   a screen 10 for displaying an image of a hair of shape that has        been calculated in this way, for example a liquid crystal        screen, a cathode ray tube screen, or plasma screen; and    -   where appropriate a printer 9, which may replace the screen 10.

The result of the simulation may be displayed in the form shown in FIG.5, with the synthesized image of the hair 12 in a first area 11 of thescreen and, in a second area 13 of the screen, elements 15 for adjustingphysical parameters that influence the mechanical behavior of the hair.

The system may further include means (not shown) providing astereoscopic view of the virtual hair or hairs.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show examples of how the shape of the virtual hair ismodified if the values of the simulation parameters change.

The adjustment element 15 includes a cursor movable between two or morepositions corresponding to different values of the physical parameterconcerned, for example.

In the example considered here, five physical parameters may be adjustedby means of respective cursors, namely the length L of the hair, thelinear density μ of the hair, the angle θ₀ of embedment of the hair inits support, the spontaneous curvature k₀ of the hair, and the bendingmoment K.

Of course, using a different number of physical parameters does notdepart from the scope of the present invention. For example, thephysical parameters displayed and that where applicable may be modifiedmay relate directly to the appearance of the hair, for example thelength of the hair, or may be linked to mechanical characteristics ofthe hair, for example the radius or radii of the hair, the ellipticityof the hair, the spontaneous curvature of the hair relative to one ormore axes, the angle or angles of embedment of the hair in the scalp,the spontaneous twist of the hair, and/or to characteristics linked toone or more materials constituting the hair, for example its Young'smodulus, its Poisson coefficient, its bending moments, its twist moment,the coefficient of elasticity of the hair, the porosity of the hair, thedensity or the linear density of the hair.

Where appropriate, a physical parameter may vary as a function of thecurvilinear abscissa of the hair. For example, the twist may be greaterat certain points along the hair. The variation of certain physicalparameters as a function of the curvilinear abscissa may be linked topast treatments effected on the hair and to how it grows, which may varyin time, or how it ages, the hair becoming increasingly older in thedirection away from its root. For example, the hair may have a distalportion that has been subjected to a bleaching treatment and a proximalportion that has grown since that treatment and has different mechanicalcharacteristics. Where appropriate, the system may be configured toenable the user to define the manner in which a parameter varies alongthe hair as a function of the curvilinear abscissa. For example, one ormore parameters may have a first value over a first portion of thelength of the hair and a second value, which may be different from thefirst, over a second portion of its length.

Where appropriate, the system may include or access a databasecontaining typical values of certain parameters, for example as afunction of the ethnic hair type, its color and/or certain treatmentseffected.

Displaying elements for adjusting reduced parameters such as the reducedparameters α and β defined above in the area 13 of the screen 10, aloneor with one or more of the physical parameters listed above, does notdepart from the scope of the present invention.

In the example shown, the physical parameters may be adjusted by meansof a cursor that can be moved by means of a mouse. The area 13 of thescreen 10 may also include one or more fields in which the value of aphysical parameter may be displayed and modified by means of thekeyboard.

Finally, the screen 10 may include an area 14 for a synthesizedpresentation corresponding to the FIG. 2 diagram, in which synthesizedimages of the four above-described archetypal shapes are displayedtogether with a pointer 16 showing the positioning of the virtual hair12 displayed in the area 11 in relation to those archetypes.

In the example shown in FIG. 5, the pointer 16 is displayedsubstantially in the left-hand half of the area 14, which means that thereduced parameter α has a relatively low value, and it may be seen thatthe virtual hair 12 displayed in the area 11 is in fact relativelystiff.

In the examples of FIGS. 5 to 7, if a physical parameter displayed inthe area 13 is varied, the shape of the hair 12 displayed in the area 11is modified in corresponding fashion, and the pointer 16 is moved.

Between the FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 results, certain simulation parametershave remained unchanged, in particular the length L, the embedment angleθ₀, and the spontaneous curvature k₀, but the linear density μ of thehair has been increased and the bending moment K has been reduced. Thehair in FIG. 6 has become more flexible and more drooping.

In the FIG. 7 example, the spontaneous curvature k₀ of the hair has beenincreased and the virtual hair 12 forms curls.

In what has just been described, the virtual hair 12 is representedlying in a plane, but the present invention encompasses a synthesizedimage consisting in a representation in perspective of the hair notentirely contained within a plane. The embedment of the hair in thescalp may then be defined by two or three angles.

As indicated above, the physical parameters may optionally vary as afunction of the curvilinear abscissa.

If the physical parameters vary as a function of the curvilinearabscissa, as measured along the hair, the behavior of a hair having anolder portion already subjected to a treatment, for example dyeing orpermanent waving, may be distinguished from the behavior of a morerecent portion that has not yet been exposed to treatment liable to havedurably affected one or more of its mechanical characteristics, forexample.

Characterization of the Hair

The system and method described above may be used to characterize ahair, for example by implementing the steps of the method shown in FIG.8.

In a first step 18, an image of the hair to be characterized is comparedto an image of a virtual hair obtained by the simulation methoddescribed above.

Where appropriate, the image of the hair to be characterized may bedisplayed in an area 21 of the screen 10, as shown in FIG. 9, andpreferably to the same scale, to enable simultaneous observation of thehair to be characterized and the virtual hair.

Then, in the step 19, a physical parameter of the hair may be modifiedas a function of the result of the comparison, with a view to enhancingthe resemblance between the image of the hair to be characterized andthe image of the virtual hair.

In the FIG. 9 example, the hair to be characterized is a hair havingrelatively abundant “ringlets” at its end, and once again certainparameters may be modified to increase the resemblance between theimages appearing in the areas 11 and 21 of the screen.

For example, the step 19 may consist in manually and/or automaticallyadjusting the physical simulation parameters until the shapes of thehair to be characterized and the virtual hair are identical to within20%, better still to within 10%, or even to within 5%. An estimate ε ofthe difference between the shapes of the real hair and the virtual hairmay be given, for example, the virtual and real hairs being assumed tohave the same length l and a common end, by the equation:

$ɛ = {\frac{1}{L^{3}}{\int_{0}^{L}{\left( {{r_{v}(s)} - {r_{r}(s)}} \right)^{2}\ {\mathbb{d}s}}}}$in which r_(v)(s) designates the position in space of the mid-line ofthe virtual hair as a function of the curvilinear abscissa s andr_(r)(s) represents that of the mid-line of the real hair.

The estimate may be less than 20%, better still less than 10%, or 5%,for example, so the shapes are considered to be identical to within 20%,10%, or 5%, respectively.

Where appropriate, the step 22 may include one or more measurements of aphysical parameter of the hair and adjustment of one or more physicalparameters of the simulation as a function of that measurement in orderto obtain a sufficient resemblance between the images of the hair to becharacterized and the virtual hair.

The physical parameter measured is one of the following, for example:the length of the hair, the ellipticity of the hair, the mean radius ofthe hair, the density of the hair, the linear density of the hair, themodulus of elasticity of the hair, the spontaneous curvatures of thehair, the spontaneous twist of the hair, the degree of dehydration ofthe hair, its bending moment(s), its twisting moment.

Where appropriate, this measurement may be effected by means of asuitable device connected to the computer 10 of the FIG. 4 system.

The head of hair of a person may be characterized on the basis of thesame hair or different hairs, for example three hairs, taken from thesame head of hair. For example, one hair may be taken from the crown andone other hair from each side of the head. Where appropriate, theresults of measurements effected on a greater number of hairs may beprocessed statistically, in order to average values measured ordetermined by simulation, for example. Alternatively, the variations ofthe parameters characterizing a hair may be measured for hairs situatedat different places in the head of hair.

These characterization results may be listed in a database withinformation concerning the persons from whom the hairs were taken.

In this way characteristics of a hair may be recorded and thus known atdifferent times in its life cycle, in particular one or more of thephysical parameters used to simulate the appearance of the hair. Suchinformation may be useful for prescribing a treatment or choosing ahair-care composition, for example.

The result of the characterization may be received in electronic form,for example via the computer network 27, and may delivered, in writtenor oral form, at a point of sale of products, in a beauty or hair salon,at the surgery of a dermatologist, or remotely, for example byconnecting to an Internet site server.

The hair may be characterized manually, semi-automatically orautomatically.

The image displayed in the area 21 may be acquired by means of atwo-dimensional acquisition system such as a scanner 24 or a videocamera 25, for example, as shown in FIG. 4, or by means of athree-dimensional acquisition system, such as a stereovision system, forexample.

The hair to be characterized may be used itself instead of the image ofthe hair to be characterized, for example by applying it to the screenusing adhesive tape or any other appropriate fixing means.

Characterization may where appropriate be followed by giving advice. Theadvice may include the prescription of at least one hair-carecomposition having an action on a physical parameter of the hair, forexample. This may be a composition for a form of hair treatment otherthan a dyeing treatment, for example permanent waving, crimping,straightening, and/or decrimping, or coating of the hair, for example.

Prescription

FIG. 10 shows a method of prescribing a hair-care composition, in which:

-   -   in the step 31 a characteristic of a hair of a head of hair to        be treated is determined by comparing, for example using the        method shown in FIG. 8, the real hair with a virtual hair        obtained by the method shown in FIG. 3, for example;    -   in the step 32 a recommendation is made that is linked to the        prescription of a hair-care composition as a function of the        characteristic determined in this way.

For example, this prescription method may be used at a point of sale, ina hairdressing or beauty salon, in a perfume outlet, in a departmentstore, or remotely by means of the computer network 27.

Where appropriate, after the step 32, a product adapted to obtain arequired result is handed or sent to the user or used in situ.

The product may be supplied through any sales channel, in particularthrough a shop or by mail order, or through a beauty parlor or ahairdressing salon, for example.

Treatment

The method and the system described above may be used to apply ahair-treatment process, as shown in FIG. 11, which process includes thefollowing steps:

-   -   in the step 35, associating with a customer a characteristic        representing a physical parameter linked to the shape of a hair        by comparing, for example using the method shown in FIG. 8, a        real hair of the customer to a virtual hair obtained by the        method shown in FIG. 3, for example;    -   in the step 36, as a function of that characteristic, selecting        a hair-care composition from a set of compositions identified by        corresponding characteristics;    -   in the step 37, treating the customer with the selected        composition.

The treatment may be selected from the following list: permanent waving,crimping, decrimping, dyeing, drying of a wet hair, application of acomposition to the hair, in particular a coating composition,application of a gel, for example a polymer coating, setting, cutting,conditioning, thickening, lengthening.

Modeling the Impact of a Treatment or Exposure to a Predetermined Event

The method and system described above further enable the implementationof a method, shown in FIG. 12, of modeling the impact of a treatmentapplied to a hair or of exposure to a predetermined event, in particulara climatic event, the method including the following steps:

-   -   in the step 38, displaying a synthesized image of a hair;    -   in the step 39, selecting a treatment to be applied or a        predetermined event;    -   in the step 40, displaying a synthesized image of said hair        after undergoing the selective treatment or being exposed to        said event.

The synthesized image of the hair to be treated may be obtained by themethod described above with reference to FIG. 3.

The synthesized image of the treated hair may be calculated by modifyinga physical parameter of the untreated hair. The modification may dependon the treatment selected. To this end, the system may for exampleinclude a database including information reflecting the evolution ofphysical parameters of a hair as a function of treatments applied to thehair. The same applies to a hair exposed to a predetermined event.

Two treatments that may be selected for purposes of simulation maydiffer from each other at least in terms of the quantity of compositionapplied, the thickness of the layer of composition applied, thedistribution of the composition on the hair, the duration of thetreatment, the diameter of the crimping iron or the temperature of thecrimping iron, for example 180° C. or 200° C.

A treatment whose impact is to be modeled may vary as a function of thecurvilinear abscissa measured along the hair.

An image of the hair after treatment and an image of the hair beforetreatment may be displayed simultaneously on the same screen. The screenmay include two areas for this purpose, for example, as shown in FIG. 9.

This method may further be used for example to simulate the mechanicaleffects of coating the hair or of a loss or uptake of moisture, linkedfor example to exposure of the hair to rain or sun. The effect of watermay be to increase the curvature and/or the density of the hair, forexample.

By modeling the impact of such events on a treated hair, such a methodmay further be used to demonstrate the resistance of a hair conditioningcomposition or treatment to external climatic events, for example rain,wind or the action of the sun.

The methods described above may further be used to evaluate the effectof a composition as a function of the quantity thereof that was appliedto the hair or remains on the hair after rinsing.

The increase in the weight of the hair after the application of acoating composition may be evaluated, for example.

The different behavior of a hair when dry or wet may also be evaluated.

For example, these evaluations may seek to determine a reduction or anincrease in the volume of the head of hair.

Modeling the impact of a treatment may be used to develop new hair-caretreatments or compositions, for example. Such modeling may further beused for promotional or educational purposes, for example to explain toa customer or a hairdresser the impact of a treatment on the appearanceand/or the behavior of the hair.

Hairdresser Training

The invention further consists in a hairdresser training method, asshown in FIG. 13, including the following steps:

-   -   in the step 42, selecting a treatment to be applied to the hair;    -   in the step 43, displaying a virtual image of a hair that has        undergone the selected treatment, the image being generated by        the method shown in FIG. 12.

Thus the effects of a treatment on the hair may be assessed more easily.

Atlas

The invention may be used to produce an atlas like that shown in FIG.14, for example, which comprises:

-   -   at least two images 45 generated by the method shown in FIG. 3,        for example six images 45 in the example shown; and    -   information 46 associated with each image, representing a        physical parameter of the hair.

The invention may be used to classify hairs as a function of theinformation 46 representing a physical parameter characteristic of thehair, for example. The image 45 may correspond to the theoretical shapeof the hair associated with the information 46.

The hairs may be classified as a function of the reduced parameters αand β described above, for example, or other physical parameterscharacteristic of the hair.

An atlas containing such information may be used to characterize a hairbefore a treatment or to characterize the effect of a treatment, forexample.

The images from the atlas may optionally be printed out, for examplebeing displayed on a computer screen. The images may further take theform of digital files, and, instead of being displayed, they may be usedby a shape recognition system or some other system, for example a systemfor determining which image from the atlas most closely resembles a realhair.

Product

The invention may advantageously be used to associate with hair-carecompositions, information representing physical parameterscharacteristic of the hair.

For example, FIG. 15 shows a product including:

-   -   a hair-care composition 50 in a container;    -   an image 51 generated by the method shown in FIG. 3; and    -   information 52 associated with the image, that information 52        representing physical parameters of the hair.

The hair-care composition 50 is a permanent waving, crimping,straightening, and/or decrimping composition for the hair, for example,or a composition for shaping the hair, for example a hair gel. Thecomposition may further be a shampoo. The hair-care composition may acton the shape of the hair but also, where applicable, on its color and/orits brilliance. This action may be more or less durable and/or more orless reversible.

The information 52 may indicate the effectiveness of the composition,for example, in particular in terms of variation of physical parameterslinked to the shape of the hair or to characteristics of a head of hairfor which it is suitable and/or a result that can be achieved.

The product may further include information associated with thecomposition and representing parameters not linked to the shape of thehair, for example. A parameter that is not linked to the shape of thehair may represent the color and/or the brilliance of the hair, forexample, before or after treatment.

This further information may for example indicate the coordinates in acolorimetric space such as the CIE lab or Munsell space, for example, ofthe color of the head of hair to be treated or looked up or a shade on ascale of shades.

The information may be expressed in various forms, directly apparent toa person or otherwise.

The information may include an alphanumeric character, a symbol, adrawing, a color, or a bar code.

The images may be images of hairs lying in a plane or alternativelyperspective images of hairs not entirely contained within one plane.

Experimental Results

Experiments were made to compare hair exposed to various cosmeticconditions and corresponding simulated shapes.

Caucasian hair and asian hair were tested.

Physical parameters of these hairs are listed below.

Mean Young Length Radius Ellipticity modulus Type (cm) (μm)(R_(max)/R_(min)) (GPa) Asian 17 45 ± 5 0.9 ± 0.1 3.7 ± 0.7 Caucasian 1730 ± 5 0.9 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.4

The hair samples were prepared and put into shape on a hair-curler so asto set to each fiber a curvature and a twist. The hair was wetted,rolled onto the hair-curler and let dry for 12 hours.

Thereafter, one end of the hair is fixed to an orientable support andthe other end is set free, so as to simulate hair embedded into scalp.

For the simulation, the fiber was considered to be made of an isotropeand homogeneous elastic material which was characterized by a givennumber of physical parameters directly observable, such as parametersdescribing the geometry of the fiber (length, mean radius, ellipticity),the natural shape (two curvatures, twist), the orientation of theembedment in the scalp (three angles) and its elasticity (Young modulus,Poisson coefficient, volumic density).

The modification of the shape of the hair following a cut or wetting ofthe hair was both simulated and compared with experimental results.

FIG. 16 shows comparison between real Caucasian hair (left) and thesimulated hair (right), before and after cut.

The cut of the hair was simulated by reducing the value of the length ofthe fiber.

One may observe that the simulated shape of the loop is satisfying bothbefore and after cut.

FIGS. 17 and 18 show the comparison between the experimental results andthe simulated shape, taken into account the experimental uncertainty onthe values of the parameters. The extreme values for the simulation ledto two curves HAIR 3D-max and HAIR 3D-min.

One can see that the experimental results for various values of apparentlength and angle γ fall within the min and max curves.

FIG. 19 shows the comparison of the results for dry asian hair and wetasian hair.

It is known from C. R. Robbins, Chemical and Physical Behaviour of HumanHair, 4^(th) Edition, Springer (2002) which is incorporated byreference, that a dry hair has a diameter which is about 10% lower thanthe wet hair and a Young modulus between 200% à 1000% greater. Withthese data, the wet hair was simulated with a diameter 10% greater.

The Young modulus of the wet hair which was a priori unknown, wasdetermined by setting the descriptors of apparent length La andembedment angle γ so that the simulated hair has a shape that coincideswith the observed evolution. A unique value of 0.4 GPa was found forwhich the two descriptors calculated on the simulated shape correspondsto the experimental value. This value of 0.4 GPa fall in the range ofpublished values of the wet hair.

The invention is not limited to the examples that have just been given.For example, the energy of the hair may be expressed directly as afunction of physical parameters or as a function of reduced parametersbased on those physical parameters, and either by two-dimensionalmodeling or by three-dimensional modeling.

Although the present invention herein has been described with referenceto particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerousmodifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that otherarrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Throughout the description, including in the claims, the expression“comprising a” should be understood as being synonymous with “comprisingat least one”, unless specified to the contrary. “A hair” should byunderstood as being synonymous with “at least one hair”.

1. A method of generating a synthesized image of a hair, comprising:calculating with a computer a shape of the hair by applying a behavioralrelationship determining the shape of the hair as a function of aphysical parameter linked to a mechanical property of the hair, thephysical parameter comprising at least an ellipticity of the hair,wherein the behavioral relationship is given by a minimization of anenergy of the hair comprising a twist energy including a twisting momentbeing represented by the equationK^(t)=Eπ(r_(x)r_(y))³/(2(1+v²)((r_(x))²+(r_(y))²)), where E is Young'smodulus of the hair, v is Poisson's coefficient of the hair, and r_(x)and r_(y) denote major radii of the hair; and producing an image of thehair of shape that has been calculated in this way.
 2. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein elements for adjusting a simulationparameter and the synthesized image are displayed on a same screen. 3.The method according to claim 1, wherein the behavioral relationshipfurther depends on an embedment of the hair in a scalp and on tworeduced parameters each depending on one or more physical parameters. 4.The method according to claim 1, wherein the synthesized image of thehair includes a representation of a hair lying in a plane.
 5. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the behavioral relationship furtherdepends on three angles defining an embedment of the hair in a scalp andat least two reduced parameters, the first reduced parameter dependingon a natural curvature of the hair and the second reduced parameterdepending on a length of the hair and an acceleration due to gravity.